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109 台灣大學微積分(B) 第 10 題

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109學年度 · 109台大微積分B · 第 10 題

題目

Problem

PART 2:

  1. f(x,y)f(x,y) is a differentiable function. On the curve tan⁡−1(xy)+y=2+π4\tan^{-1}(xy)+y=2+\frac{\pi}{4}, ff obtains local maximum at (x,y)=(12,2)(x,y)=\left(\frac{1}{2},2\right). Suppose that fx(12,2)=2f_x\left(\frac{1}{2},2\right)=2.

(a) Find ∇f(12,2)\nabla f\left(\frac{1}{2},2\right).

(b) Assume that on another curve tan⁡−1(xy)+y=1.9+π4\tan^{-1}(xy)+y=1.9+\frac{\pi}{4}, ff obtains local maximum at (x0,y0)(x_0,y_0) which is near (12,2)\left(\frac{1}{2},2\right). Use linear approximation to estimate f(x0,y0)−f(12,2)f(x_0,y_0)-f\left(\frac{1}{2},2\right).

解答

解法一

思路

展開
  • 在限制曲線上取得局部極值,梯度必與限制函數的梯度平行;先由拉格朗日乘子法求出 ∇f\nabla f。
  • 第二小題不用解出新極值點。因為兩個梯度在基準點平行,可把 ff 的線性變化換成限制函數的變化。

答題過程

展開

令

g(x,y)=tan⁡−1(xy)+y.g(x,y)=\tan^{-1}(xy)+y.

在 (12,2)\left(\frac12,2\right),

∇g=(y1+x2y2,x1+x2y2+1)=(1,54).\nabla g =\left(\frac{y}{1+x^2y^2},\frac{x}{1+x^2y^2}+1\right) =\left(1,\frac54\right).

(a) 拉格朗日乘子條件給出

∇f+λ∇g=0.\nabla f+\lambda\nabla g=\mathbf0.

已知 fx=2f_x=2,故 2+λ=02+\lambda=0,所以 λ=−2\lambda=-2。第二個分量因此滿足

fy−2⋅54=0,f_y-2\cdot\frac54=0,

從而

∇f(12,2)=(2,52).\boxed{\nabla f\left(\frac12,2\right)=\left(2,\frac52\right)}.

(b) 注意到

∇f(12,2)=2∇g(12,2).\nabla f\left(\frac12,2\right) =2\nabla g\left(\frac12,2\right).

以線性近似,

f(x0,y0)−f(12,2)≈∇f(12,2)⋅(x0−12,y0−2)=2∇g(12,2)⋅(x0−12,y0−2)≈2[g(x0,y0)−g(12,2)]=2[(1.9+π4)−(2+π4)]=−0.2.\begin{align*} f(x_0,y_0)-f\left(\frac12,2\right) &\approx\nabla f\left(\frac12,2\right)\cdot \left(x_0-\frac12,y_0-2\right)\\[2mm] &=2\nabla g\left(\frac12,2\right)\cdot \left(x_0-\frac12,y_0-2\right)\\[2mm] &\approx2\left[g(x_0,y_0)-g\left(\frac12,2\right)\right]\\[2mm] &=2\big[(1.9+\tfrac\pi4)-(2+\tfrac\pi4)\big]\\[2mm] &=-0.2. \end{align*}

所以

f(x0,y0)−f(12,2)≈−0.2.\boxed{f(x_0,y_0)-f\left(\frac12,2\right)\approx-0.2}.